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Marsh, 1877Species. †A.

Allosaurus and T. Rex are among the most well-known carnivorous dinosaurs in popular culture. The allosaurus lived in the late Jurassic period, 150-155 million years ago. Rex lived during the upper Cretaceous Period, around 67 to 65.5 million years ago, and was among the last species of.

Fragilis Marsh, 1877. †A. Europaeus Mateus et al., 2006. †A.

Amplus Marsh, 1879. †A. Lucasi Dalman, 2014.?, 1870. Creosaurus (A. Atrox) Marsh, 1878.?, 1878. Labrosaurus Marsh, 1879.

Bakker, 1990.? Chure, 1995. Bakker, 1997.

'Camptonotus' amplus Marsh, 1879Allosaurus ( ) is a of that lived 155 to 150 million years ago during the ( to early ). The name ' Allosaurus' means 'different lizard' alluding to its unique concave vertebrae (at the time of its discovery). It is derived from the ἄλλος/ allos ('different, other') and σαῦρος/ sauros ('lizard / generic reptile'). The first fossil remains that could definitively be ascribed to this genus were described in 1877 by paleontologist. As one of the first well-known theropod dinosaurs, it has long attracted attention outside of circles. Indeed, it has been a top feature in several and about prehistoric life.Allosaurus was a large. Its was large and equipped with dozens of sharp, serrated.

It averaged 9.5 metres (31 ft) in length, though fragmentary remains suggest it could have reached over 12 m (39 ft). Relative to the large and powerful hindlimbs, its three-fingered forelimbs were small, and the body was balanced by a long and heavily muscled tail. It is classified as an, a type of theropod dinosaur.

The genus has a complicated, and includes an uncertain number of valid, the best known of which is A. The bulk of Allosaurus remains have come from 's, with material also known from and possibly. It was known for over half of the 20th century as, but a study of the copious remains from the brought the name ' Allosaurus' back to prominence and established it as one of the best-known dinosaurs.As the most abundant large predator in the, Allosaurus was at the top of the, probably preying on contemporaneous large herbivorous dinosaurs, and perhaps even other predators. Potential prey included,.

Some paleontologists interpret Allosaurus as having had cooperative, and hunting in packs, while others believe individuals may have been aggressive toward each other, and that congregations of this genus are the result of lone individuals feeding on the same carcasses. The size range of Allosaurus compared with a human.Allosaurus was a typical large, having a massive on a short, a long, slightly sloping and reduced forelimbs. Allosaurus fragilis, the best-known species, had an average length of 8.5 m (28 ft), with the largest definitive Allosaurus specimen ( 680) estimated at 9.7 meters (32 feet) long, and an estimated weight of 2.3 metric tons (2.5 short tons). In his 1976 on Allosaurus, mentioned a range of bone sizes which he interpreted to show a maximum length of 12 to 13 m (39 to 43 ft). As with dinosaurs in general, weight estimates are debatable, and since 1980 have ranged between 1,500 kilograms (3,300 pounds), 1,000 to 4,000 kg (2,200 to 8,800 lb), and 1,010 kilograms (2,230 pounds) for adult weight (not maximum). John Foster, a specialist on the Morrison Formation, suggests that 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) is reasonable for large adults of A.

Fragilis, but that 700 kg (1,500 lb) is a closer estimate for individuals represented by the average-sized he has measured. Using the subadult specimen nicknamed 'Big Al', researchers using computer modelling arrived at a best estimate of 1,500 kilograms (3,300 lb) for the individual, but by varying parameters they found a range from approximately 1,400 kilograms (3,100 lb) to approximately 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb).Several have been attributed to Allosaurus, but may in fact belong to other genera.

The closely related genus ( 1708) reached perhaps 10.9 m (36 ft) in length, and its single species has sometimes been included in the genus Allosaurus as Allosaurus maximus, though recent studies support it as a separate genus. Another potential, once assigned to the genus (AMNH 5767), may have measured 12.1 meters (40 feet) in length. A more recent discovery is a partial skeleton from the Peterson Quarry in Morrison rocks of; this large allosaurid may be another individual of Saurophaganax.David K. Smith, examining Allosaurus fossils by quarry, found that the (Utah) specimens are generally smaller than those from (Wyoming) or 's (Colorado), but the shapes of the bones themselves did not vary between the sites.

A later study by Smith incorporating Garden Park (Colorado) and (Utah) specimens found no justification for multiple species based on skeletal variation; skull variation was most common and was gradational, suggesting individual variation was responsible. Further work on size-related variation again found no consistent differences, although the Dry Mesa material tended to clump together on the basis of the, an ankle bone., using skull elements from the Cleveland-Lloyd site, found wide variation between individuals, calling into question previous species-level distinctions based on such features as the shape of the horns, and the proposed differentiation of 'A. Jimmadseni' based on the shape of the.

Skull, atThe skull and teeth of Allosaurus were modestly proportioned for a theropod of its size. Paleontologist gives a length of 845 mm (33.3 in) for a skull belonging to an individual he estimates at 7.9 m (26 ft) long. Each (the bones that formed the tip of the snout), held five teeth with D-shaped cross-sections, and each (the main tooth-bearing bones in the upper jaw) had between 14 and 17 teeth; the number of teeth does not exactly correspond to the size of the bone.

Each (the tooth-bearing bone of the lower jaw) had between 14 and 17 teeth, with an average count of 16. The teeth became shorter, narrower, and more curved toward the back of the skull. All of the teeth had saw-like edges. They were shed easily, and were replaced continually, making them common fossils.The skull had a pair of above and in front of the eyes.

These horns were composed of extensions of the, and varied in shape and size. There were also lower paired ridges running along the top edges of the that led into the horns. The horns were probably covered in a sheath and may have had a variety of functions, including acting as sunshades for the eye, being used for display, and being used in combat against other members of the same species (although they were fragile). There was a ridge along the back of the skull roof for muscle attachment, as is also seen in.Inside the lacrimal bones were depressions that may have held, such as. Within the maxillae were that were better developed than those of more theropods such as and; they may have been related to the, perhaps holding something like. The roof of the braincase was thin, perhaps to improve for the. The skull and lower jaws had joints that permitted motion within these units.

In the lower jaws, the bones of the front and back halves loosely articulated, permitting the jaws to bow outward and increasing the animal's gape. The and may also have had a joint. Postcranial skeleton. Life restoration of A. FragilisAllosaurus had nine in the neck, 14 in the back, and five in the supporting the hips.

The number of tail vertebrae is unknown and varied with individual size; estimated about 50, while Gregory S. Paul considered that to be too many and suggested 45 or less. There were hollow spaces in the neck and back vertebrae. Such spaces, which are also found in modern theropods (that is, the birds), are interpreted as having held used in. The rib cage was broad, giving it a barrel chest, especially in comparison to less theropods like Ceratosaurus. Allosaurus had (belly ribs), but these are not common findings, and they may have poorly.

In one published case, the gastralia show evidence of injury during life. A (wishbone) was also present, but has only been recognized since 1996; in some cases furculae were confused with gastralia. The, the main hip bone, was massive, and the had a prominent foot that may have been used for both muscle attachment and as a prop for resting the body on the ground. Madsen noted that in about half of the individuals from the, independent of size, the pubes had not fused to each other at their foot ends.

He suggested that this was a, with females lacking fused bones to make egg-laying easier. This proposal has not attracted further attention, however. Hand and claws of A. FragilisThe forelimbs of Allosaurus were short in comparison to the hindlimbs (only about 35% the length of the hindlimbs in adults) and had three fingers per hand, tipped with large, strongly curved and pointed. The arms were powerful, and the forearm was somewhat shorter than the upper arm (1:1.2 / ratio). The wrist had a version of the semilunate also found in more derived theropods like. Of the three fingers, the innermost (or ) was the largest, and diverged from the others.

The phalangeal formula is 2-3-4-0-0, meaning that the innermost finger (phalange) has two bones, the next has three, and the third finger has four. The legs were not as long or suited for speed as those of, and the claws of the toes were less developed and more -like than those of earlier theropods.

Each foot had three weight-bearing toes and an inner, which Madsen suggested could have been used for grasping in juveniles. There was also what is interpreted as the splint-like remnant of a fifth (outermost), perhaps used as a lever between the and foot. Discovery and history Early discoveries and research. AMNH 5753 in a life restorationThe discovery and early study of Allosaurus is complicated by the multiplicity of names coined during the of the late 19th century. The first described in this history was a bone obtained secondhand by in 1869. It came from, near, probably from rocks.

The locals had identified such bones as 'petrified hoofs'. Hayden sent his specimen to, who identified it as half of a tail vertebra, and tentatively assigned it to the European dinosaur genus as Poicilopleuron valens. He later decided it deserved its own genus, Antrodemus.Allosaurus itself is 1930, a small collection of fragmentary bones including parts of three vertebrae, a rib fragment, a tooth, a toe bone, and, most useful for later discussions, the shaft of the right humerus (upper arm). Othniel Charles Marsh gave these remains the formal name Allosaurus fragilis in 1877.

Allosaurus comes from the allos/αλλος, meaning 'strange' or 'different' and sauros/σαυρος, meaning 'lizard' or 'reptile'. It was named 'different lizard' because its vertebrae were different from those of other dinosaurs known at the time of its discovery. The species epithet fragilis is for 'fragile', referring to lightening features in the vertebrae.

The bones were collected from the Morrison Formation of, north of. Marsh and, who were in scientific competition, went on to coin several other genera based on similarly sparse material that would later figure in the taxonomy of Allosaurus. These include Marsh's Creosaurus and Labrosaurus, and Cope's Epanterias.In their haste, Cope and Marsh did not always follow up on their discoveries (or, more commonly, those made by their subordinates). For example, after the discovery by of the type specimen of Allosaurus in Colorado, Marsh elected to concentrate work in; when work resumed at Garden Park in 1883, M. Felch found an almost complete Allosaurus and several partial skeletons. In addition, one of Cope's collectors, H.

Hubbell, found a specimen in the area of Wyoming in 1879, but apparently did not mention its completeness, and Cope never unpacked it. Upon unpacking in 1903 (several years after Cope had died), it was found to be one of the most complete theropod specimens then known, and in 1908 the skeleton, now cataloged as AMNH 5753, was put on public view. This is the well-known mount poised over a partial skeleton as if it, illustrated as such by Charles R. Although notable as the first free-standing mount of a theropod dinosaur, and often illustrated and photographed, it has never been scientifically described.The multiplicity of early names complicated later research, with the situation compounded by the terse descriptions provided by Marsh and Cope. Even at the time, authors such as suggested that too many names had been coined. For example, Williston pointed out in 1901 that Marsh had never been able to adequately distinguish Allosaurus from Creosaurus.

The most influential early attempt to sort out the convoluted situation was produced by in 1920. He came to the conclusion that the tail vertebra named Antrodemus by Leidy was indistinguishable from those of Allosaurus, and Antrodemus thus should be the preferred name because as the older name it had priority. Antrodemus became the accepted name for this familiar genus for over fifty years, until James Madsen published on the Cleveland-Lloyd specimens and concluded that Allosaurus should be used because Antrodemus was based on material with poor, if any, diagnostic features and locality information (for example, the that the single bone of Antrodemus came from is unknown).

' Antrodemus' has been used informally for convenience when distinguishing between the skull Gilmore restored and the composite skull restored by Madsen. Cleveland-Lloyd discoveries. Specimen at the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry museum, UtahAlthough sporadic work at what became known as the in, had taken place as early as 1927, and the fossil site itself described by in 1945, major operations did not begin there until 1960. Under a cooperative effort involving nearly 40 institutions, thousands of bones were recovered between 1960 and 1965. The quarry is notable for the predominance of Allosaurus remains, the condition of the specimens, and the lack of scientific resolution on how it came to be.

The majority of bones belong to the large theropod Allosaurus fragilis (it is estimated that the remains of at least 46 A. Fragilis have been found there, out of at minimum 73 dinosaurs), and the fossils found there are disarticulated and well-mixed. Nearly a dozen scientific papers have been written on the of the site, suggesting numerous mutually exclusive explanations for how it may have formed. Suggestions have ranged from animals getting stuck in a bog, to becoming trapped in deep mud, to falling victim to -induced mortality around a waterhole, to getting trapped in a spring-fed pond or seep. Regardless of the actual cause, the great quantity of well-preserved Allosaurus remains has allowed this genus to be known in detail, making it among the best-known theropods.

Skeletal remains from the quarry pertain to individuals of almost all ages and sizes, from less than 1 meter (3.3 feet) to 12 meters (39 feet) long, and the disarticulation is an advantage for describing bones usually found fused. Recent work: 1980s–present The period since Madsen's monograph has been marked by a great expansion in studies dealing with topics concerning Allosaurus in life ( and topics). Such studies have covered topics including skeletal variation, growth, skull construction, hunting methods, the, and the possibility of gregarious living and parental care. Reanalysis of old material (particularly of large 'allosaur' specimens), new discoveries in Portugal, and several very complete new specimens have also contributed to the growing knowledge base.' Big Al' and 'Big Al Two'.

'Big Al' at.In 1991 'Big Al' ( 693), a 95% complete, partially articulated specimen of Allosaurus was discovered. It measured about 8 meters (about 26 ft) in length. MOR 693 was excavated near, by a joint and team. This skeleton was discovered by a Swiss team, led by Kirby Siber.

In 1996 the same team discovered a second Allosaurus, 'Big Al Two', which is the best preserved skeleton of its kind to date.The completeness, preservation, and scientific importance of this skeleton gave 'Big Al' its name; the individual itself was below the average size for Allosaurus fragilis, and was a subadult estimated at only 87% grown. The specimen was described by Breithaupt in 1996.

Nineteen of its bones were broken or showed signs of, which may have contributed to 'Big Al's' death. Bones included five ribs, five vertebrae, and four bones of the feet; several damaged bones showed, a bone infection.

A particular problem for the living animal was infection and trauma to the right foot that probably affected movement and may have also predisposed the other foot to injury because of a change in gait. Al had an infection on the first phalanx on the third toe that was afflicted by an. The infection was long lived, perhaps up to 6 months.

Big Al Two is also known to have multiple injuries. 'jimmadseni' (DINO 11541) from, when it was still partially encased in matrixThere are currently four valid and one undescribed species of Allosaurus ( A. Europaeus, the A. Fragilis, the as-yet not formally described 'A.

Jimmadseni', and A. Fragilis is the type species and was named by Marsh in 1877. It is known from the remains of at least sixty individuals, all found in the – -age Morrison Formation of the, spread across the states of, Utah, and Wyoming. Details of the (upper arm) of A. Fragilis have been used as diagnostic among Morrison theropods, but the discovery of 'A.

Allosaurus Vs T Rex Minecraft

Jimmadseni' indicates that this will no longer be the case at the species level.Daniel Chure's work on Morrison allosaurid remains has been responsible, directly or indirectly, for 'A. Jimmadseni' and A. Jimmadseni' is the proposed name for a new species of Morrison allosaur, based on a nearly complete skeleton and skull. It differs from A. Fragilis in several anatomical details including a or cheekbone with a straight lower margin, and is confined to the Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Formation, while A. Fragilis is only present in the higher Brushy Basin Member.A.

Fragilis, 'A. Jimmadseni', A.

Amplus, and A. Lucasi are all known from remains discovered in the – -age Morrison Formation of the United States, spread across the states of,. Fragilis is regarded as the most common, known from the remains of at least sixty individuals. For a while in the late 1980s and early 1990s it was common to recognize A.

Fragilis as the short-snouted species, with the long-snouted taxon being A. Atrox; however, subsequent analysis of specimens from the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry, Como Bluff, and Dry Mesa Quarry showed that the differences seen in the Morrison Formation material could be attributed to individual variation.

A study of skull elements from the Cleveland-Lloyd site found wide variation between individuals, calling into question previous species-level distinctions based on such features as the shape of the lacrimal horns, and the proposed differentiation of 'A. Jimmadseni' based on the shape of the. Europaeus was found in the Kimmeridgian-age Porto Novo Member of the, but may be the same as A. Fragilis.Allosaurus material from Portugal was first reported in 1999 on the basis of /AND.001, a partial skeleton including a, vertebrae, ribs, gastralia, part of the hips, and hindlimbs. This specimen was assigned to A.

Fragilis, but the subsequent discovery of a partial skull and neck ( 415) near, in the Kimmeridgian-age Porto Novo Member of the, spurred the naming of the new species A. It differs from other species of Allosaurus in cranial details.

However, more material may show it to be A. Fragilis, as originally described.The issue of species and potential synonyms is complicated by the of Allosaurus fragilis (catalog number 1930) being extremely fragmentary, consisting of a few incomplete vertebrae, limb bone fragments, rib fragments, and a tooth. Because of this, several scientists have interpreted the type specimen as potentially dubious, and thus the genus Allosaurus itself or at least the species A. Fragilis would be a nomen dubium ('dubious name', based on a specimen too incomplete to compare to other specimens or to classify).

To address this situation, and (2010) submitted a petition to the to have the name ' A. Fragilis' officially transferred to the more complete specimen USNM4734 (as a ). This request is currently pending review. Synonyms. Holotype material of Creosaurus atroxCreosaurus, Epanterias, and Labrosaurus are regarded as junior synonyms of Allosaurus. Most of the species that are regarded as synonyms of A. Fragilis, or that were misassigned to the genus, are obscure and were based on scrappy remains.

One exception is Labrosaurus ferox, named in 1884 by Marsh for an oddly formed partial lower jaw, with a prominent gap in the tooth row at the tip of the jaw, and a rear section greatly expanded and turned down. Later researchers suggested that the bone was, showing an injury to the living animal, and that part of the unusual form of the rear of the bone was due to plaster reconstruction. It is now regarded as an example of A.

Fragilis.In his 1988 book Predatory Dinosaurs of the World, the freelance dinosaurologist Gregory Paul proposed that A. Fragilis had tall pointed horns and a slender build compared to a postulated second species A.

Atrox, and was not a due to rarity. Allosaurus atrox was originally named by Marsh in 1878 as the type species of its own genus, Creosaurus, and is based on YPM 1890, an assortment of bones including a couple of pieces of the skull, portions of nine tail vertebrae, two hip vertebrae, an, and ankle and foot bones. Although the idea of two common Morrison allosaur species was followed in some semi-technical and popular works, the 2000 thesis on Allosauridae noted that Charles Gilmore mistakenly reconstructed USNM 4734 as having a shorter skull than the specimens referred by Paul to atrox, refuting supposed differences between USNM 4734 and putative A.

Atrox specimens like DINO 2560, AMNH 600, and AMNH 666.' Allosaurus agilis', seen in Zittel, 1887, and Osborn, 1912, is a typographical error for A. 'Allosaurus ferox' is a typographical error by Marsh for A. Fragilis in a figure caption for the partial skull YPM 1893, and YPM 1893 has been treated as a specimen of A fragilis. Likewise, 'Labrosaurus fragilis' is a typographical error by Marsh (1896) for Labrosaurus ferox. Whitei' is a coined by Pickering in 1996 for the complete Allosaurus specimens that Paul referred to A.

Formerly assigned species and fossils. Holotype tail vertebra (above) compared to same of Allosaurus (below)Several species initially classified within or referred to Allosaurus do not belong within the genus. Medius was named by Marsh in 1888 for various specimens from the of, although most of the remains were removed by to the new ornithopod species, except for a tooth. Gilmore considered the tooth nondiagnostic but transferred it to, as D. The referral was not accepted in the most recent review, and Allosaurus medius was simply listed as a dubious species of theropod. It may be closely related to.Allosaurus valens is a new combination for Antrodemus valens used by Friedrich von Huene in 1932; Antrodemus valens itself may also pertain to Allosaurus fragilis, as suggested in 1920.A.

Lucaris, another Marsh name, was given to a partial skeleton in 1878. He later decided it warranted its own genus, Labrosaurus, but this has not been accepted, and A. Lucaris is also regarded as another specimen of A. Allosaurus lucaris, is known mostly from vertebrae, sharing characters with Allosaurus. Paul and Carpenter stated that the type specimen of this species, YPM 1931, was from a younger age than Allosaurus, and might represent a different genus. However, they found that the specimen was undiagnostic, and thus A. Lucaris was a nomen dubium.Allosaurus sibiricus was described in 1914 by A.

Riabinin on the basis of a bone, later identified as a partial fourth metatarsal, from the Early Cretaceous of,. It was transferred to Chilantaisaurus in 1990, but is now considered a nomen dubium indeterminate beyond Theropoda.Allosaurus meriani was a new combination by George Olshevsky for meriani Greppin, 1870, based on a tooth from the Late Jurassic of. However, a recent overview of Ceratosaurus included it in Ceratosaurus sp., based on a scrap of vertebra Marsh first thought to be a mammalian jaw, has been listed as a synonym of Allosaurus fragilis. However, it was considered indeterminate beyond Dinosauria by Dan Chure, and Mickey Mortimer believes that the synonymy of Apatodon with Allosaurus was due to correspondence to Ralph Molnar by John McIntosh, whereby the latter reportedly found a paper saying that Othniel Charles Marsh admitted that the Apatodon holotype was actually an allosaurid dorsal vertebra.A. Amplexus was named by for giant Morrison allosaur remains, and included in his conception Saurophagus maximus (later ). Amplexus was originally coined by Cope in 1878 as the type species of his new genus, and is based on what is now AMNH 5767, parts of three vertebrae, a, and a metatarsal. Following Paul's work, this species has been accepted as a synonym of A.

A 2010 study by Paul and Kenneth Carpenter, however, indicates that Epanterias is temporally younger than the A. Fragilis type specimen, so is a separate species at minimum.A. Maximus was a new combination by David K. Smith for Chure's Saurophaganax maximus, a taxon created by Chure in 1995 for giant allosaurid remains from the Morrison of Oklahoma.

These remains had been known as Saurophagus, but that name was already in use, leading Chure to propose a substitute. Smith, in his 1998 analysis of variation, concluded that S. Maximus was not different enough from Allosaurus to be a separate genus, but did warrant its own species, A.

This reassignment was rejected in the most recent review of basal tetanurans.There are also several species left over from the synonymizations of Creosaurus and Labrosaurus with Allosaurus. Was named by Lull in 1911 for a vertebra from the Early Cretaceous of Maryland. It is now regarded as a dubious theropod. Labrosaurus stechowi, described in 1920 by Janensch based on isolated Ceratosaurus-like teeth from the Tendaguru beds of Tanzania, Although listed it as a species of Allosaurus, it is now considered a dubious ceratosaurian related to. Sulcatus, named by Marsh in 1896 for a Morrison theropod tooth, which like L. Stechowi is now regarded as a dubious Ceratosaurus-like ceratosaur. Tendagurensis tibia, Naturkunde Museum BerlinA.

Tendagurensis was named in 1925 by for a partial (MB.R.3620) found in the Kimmeridgian-age in, Tanzania. Although tabulated as a tentatively valid species of Allosaurus in the second edition of the Dinosauria, subsequent studies place it as indeterminate beyond Tetanurae, either a carcharodontosaurian or megalosaurid. Although obscure, it was a large theropod, possibly around 10 meters long (33 ft) and 2.5 metric tons (2.8 short tons) in weight.Kurzanov and colleagues in 2003 designated six teeth from Siberia as Allosaurus sp. (meaning the authors found the specimens to be most like those of Allosaurus, but did not or could not assign a species). Also, reports of Allosaurus in, go back to at least 1982.An (ankle bone) thought to belong to a species of Allosaurus was found at in Early Cretaceous beds in southeastern. It was thought to provide evidence that Australia was a for animals that had gone extinct elsewhere. This identification was challenged by, who thought it more resembled that of an, but the original authors defended their identification.

With fifteen years of new specimens and research to look at, Daniel Chure reexamined the bone and found that it was not Allosaurus, but could represent an allosauroid. Similarly, Yoichi Azuma and, in their description of, noted that the bone closely resembled that of their new genus. This specimen is sometimes referred to as 'Allosaurus robustus', an informal museum name. It may have belonged to something similar to, or the same as, or it may represent an. Classification Allosaurus was an allosaurid, a member of a of large theropods within the larger group.

The family name was created for this genus in 1878 by, but the term was largely unused until the 1970s in favor of, another family of large theropods that eventually became a. This, along with the use of Antrodemus for Allosaurus during the same period, is a point that needs to be remembered when searching for information on Allosaurus in publications that predate James Madsen's 1976 monograph. Major publications using the name 'Megalosauridae' instead of 'Allosauridae' include, 1920, 1926, 1956 and 1966, Steel, 1970, and, 1964.Following the publication of Madsen's influential monograph, Allosauridae became the preferred family assignment, but it too was not strongly defined.

Semi-technical works used Allosauridae for a variety of large theropods, usually those that were larger and better-known than megalosaurids. Typical theropods that were thought to be related to Allosaurus included,. Given modern knowledge of theropod diversity and the advent of cladistic study of relationships, none of these theropods is now recognized as an allosaurid, although several, like Acrocanthosaurus and Yangchuanosaurus, are members of closely related families. Mounted skeleton of 'Big Al II' (specimen SMA 0005)Below is a cladogram by Benson et al. In 2010.AllosaurusAllosauridae is one of four families in Carnosauria; the other three are,. Allosauridae has at times been proposed as ancestral to the (which would make it ), one recent example being Gregory S.

Paul's Predatory Dinosaurs of the World, but this has been rejected, with tyrannosaurids identified as members of a separate branch of theropods, the. Allosauridae is the smallest of the carnosaur families, with only Saurophaganax and a currently unnamed accepted as possible valid besides Allosaurus in the most recent review. Another genus, Epanterias, is a potential valid member, but it and Saurophaganax may turn out to be large examples of Allosaurus. Recent reviews have kept the genus Saurophaganax and included Epanterias with Allosaurus. Paleobiology Life history.

Skeletons at different growth stages on display,The wealth of Allosaurus fossils, from nearly all ages of individuals, allows scientists to study how the animal grew and how long its lifespan may have been. Remains may reach as far back in the lifespan as —crushed eggs from Colorado have been suggested as those of Allosaurus. Based on analysis of limb bones, bone deposition appears to stop at around 22 to 28 years, which is comparable to that of other large theropods like. From the same analysis, its maximum growth appears to have been at age 15, with an estimated growth rate of about 150 kilograms (330 ) per year.Medullary bone tissue (endosteally derived, ephemeral, mineralization located inside the of the long bones in gravid female birds) has been reported in at least one Allosaurus specimen, a from the. Today, this bone tissue is only formed in female birds that are laying eggs, as it is used to supply to shells. Its presence in the Allosaurus individual has been used to establish sex and show it had reached reproductive age. However, other studies have called into question some cases of medullary bone in dinosaurs, including this Allosaurus individual.

Data from extant birds suggested that the medullary bone in this Allosaurus individual may have been the result of a bone pathology instead. However, with the confirmation of medullary tissue indicating gender in a specimen of Tyrannosaurus, it may be possible to ascertain whether or not the Allosaurus in question was indeed female.

Restoration of a juvenileThe discovery of a juvenile specimen with a nearly complete hindlimb shows that the legs were relatively longer in juveniles, and the lower segments of the leg (shin and foot) were relatively longer than the thigh. These differences suggest that younger Allosaurus were faster and had different hunting strategies than adults, perhaps chasing small prey as juveniles, then becoming ambush hunters of large prey upon adulthood. The thigh bone became thicker and wider during growth, and the cross-section less circular, as muscle attachments shifted, muscles became shorter, and the growth of the leg slowed.

These changes imply that juvenile legs has less predictable stresses compared with adults, which would have moved with more regular forward progression. Conversely, the skull bones appear to have generally grown, increasing in size without changing in proportion. Allosaurus and Stegosaurus skeletons,Paleontologists accept Allosaurus as an active predator of large animals. There is dramatic evidence for allosaur attacks on Stegosaurus, including an Allosaurus tail vertebra with a partially healed puncture wound that fits a Stegosaurus, and a Stegosaurus neck plate with a U-shaped wound that correlates well with an Allosaurus snout. Seem to be likely candidates as both live prey and as objects of, based on the presence of scrapings on sauropod bones fitting allosaur teeth well and the presence of shed allosaur teeth with sauropod bones.

However, as Gregory Paul noted in 1988, Allosaurus was probably not a predator of fully grown sauropods, unless it hunted in packs, as it had a modestly sized skull and relatively small teeth, and was greatly outweighed by contemporaneous sauropods. Another possibility is that it preferred to hunt juveniles instead of fully grown adults. Research in the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century may have found other solutions to this question., comparing Allosaurus to sabre-toothed carnivorous mammals, found similar adaptations, such as a reduction of jaw muscles and increase in neck muscles, and the ability to open the jaws extremely wide. Although Allosaurus did not have sabre teeth, Bakker suggested another mode of attack that would have used such neck and jaw adaptations: the short teeth in effect became small serrations on a -like cutting edge running the length of the upper jaw, which would have been driven into prey. This type of jaw would permit slashing attacks against much larger prey, with the goal of weakening the victim. Allosaurus attacking, based on the theories of (1998) and et al.

(2001).Similar conclusions were drawn by another study using on an Allosaurus skull. According to their biomechanical analysis, the skull was very strong but had a relatively small bite force. By using jaw muscles only, it could produce a bite force of 805 to 8,724, but the skull could withstand nearly 55,500 N of vertical force against the tooth row.

The authors suggested that Allosaurus used its skull like a machete against prey, attacking open-mouthed, slashing flesh with its teeth, and tearing it away without splintering bones, unlike Tyrannosaurus, which is thought to have been capable of damaging bones. They also suggested that the architecture of the skull could have permitted the use of different strategies against different prey; the skull was light enough to allow attacks on smaller and more agile ornithopods, but strong enough for high-impact ambush attacks against larger prey like stegosaurids and sauropods.

Their interpretations were challenged by other researchers, who found no modern analogues to a hatchet attack and considered it more likely that the skull was strong to compensate for its open construction when absorbing the stresses from struggling prey. The original authors noted that Allosaurus itself has no modern equivalent, that the tooth row is well-suited to such an attack, and that articulations in the skull cited by their detractors as problematic actually helped protect the and lessen stress. Another possibility for handling large prey is that theropods like Allosaurus were 'flesh grazers' which could take bites of flesh out of living sauropods that were sufficient to sustain the predator so it would not have needed to expend the effort to kill the prey outright. This strategy would also potentially have allowed the prey to recover and be fed upon in a similar way later.

An additional suggestion notes that ornithopods were the most common available dinosaurian prey, and that allosaurs may have subdued them by using an attack similar to that of modern big cats: grasping the prey with their forelimbs, and then making multiple bites on the throat to crush the trachea. This is compatible with other evidence that the forelimbs were strong and capable of restraining prey. Studies done by Stephen Lautenschager et al. From the University of Bristol also indicate Allosaurus could open its jaws quite wide and sustain considerable muscle force. When compared with Tyrannosaurus and the therizinosaurid in the same study, it was found that Allosaurus had a wider gape than either; the animal was capable of opening its jaws to a 92 degree angle at maximum. The findings also indicate that large carnivorous dinosaurs, like modern carnivores, had wider jaw gapes than herbivores.A study published in 2013 by Eric Snively and colleagues found that Allosaurus had an unusually low attachment point on the skull for the neck muscle compared to other theropods such as. This would have allowed the animal to make rapid and forceful vertical movements with the skull.

The authors found that vertical strikes as proposed by Bakker and Rayfield are consistent with the animal's capabilities. They also found that the animal probably processed carcasses by vertical movements in a similar manner to, such as: the animal could have gripped prey with the skull and feet, then pulled back and up to remove flesh. This differs from the prey-handling envisioned for tyrannosaurids, which probably tore flesh with lateral shakes of the skull, similar to crocodilians. In addition, Allosaurus was able to 'move its head and neck around relatively rapidly and with considerable control', at the cost of power. The holotype dentary of Labrosaurus ferox, which may have been injured by the bite of another A. FragilisIt has been speculated since the 1970s that Allosaurus preyed on sauropods and other large dinosaurs by hunting in groups.Such a depiction is common in semitechnical and popular dinosaur literature.

Bakker has extended social behavior to parental care, and has interpreted shed allosaur teeth and chewed bones of large prey animals as evidence that adult allosaurs brought food to lairs for their young to eat until they were grown, and prevented other carnivores from scavenging on the food. However, there is actually little evidence of gregarious behavior in theropods, and social interactions with members of the same species would have included antagonistic encounters, as shown by injuries to gastralia and bite wounds to skulls (the pathologic lower jaw named Labrosaurus ferox is one such possible example). Such head-biting may have been a way to establish dominance in a or to settle disputes.Although Allosaurus may have hunted in packs, it has been argued that Allosaurus and other theropods had largely aggressive interactions instead of cooperative interactions with other members of their own species. The study in question noted that cooperative hunting of prey much larger than an individual predator, as is commonly inferred for theropod dinosaurs, is rare among in general, and modern carnivores (including lizards, crocodiles, and birds) rarely cooperate to hunt in such a way. Instead, they are typically territorial and will kill and intruders of the same species, and will also do the same to smaller individuals that attempt to eat before they do when aggregated at feeding sites. According to this interpretation, the accumulation of remains of multiple Allosaurus individuals at the same site, e.g. In the, are not due to pack hunting, but to the fact that Allosaurus individuals were drawn together to feed on other disabled or dead allosaurs, and were sometimes killed in the process.

This could explain the high proportion of juvenile and subadult allosaurs present, as juveniles and subadults are disproportionally killed at modern group feeding sites of animals like. The same interpretation applies to Bakker's lair sites. There is some evidence for cannibalism in Allosaurus, including Allosaurus shed teeth found among rib fragments, possible tooth marks on a, and cannibalized allosaur skeletons among the bones at Bakker's lair sites.

Brain and senses The brain of Allosaurus, as interpreted from spiral of an, was more consistent with brains than those of the other living, birds. The structure of the indicates that the skull was held nearly horizontal, as opposed to strongly tipped up or down. The structure of the was like that of a crocodilian, and so Allosaurus probably could have heard lower frequencies best, and would have had trouble with subtle sounds. The were large and seem to have been well suited for detecting odors, although the area for evaluating smells was relatively small. Paleopathology.

Fragilis skeleton (USNM4734), which has several healed injuriesIn 2001, Bruce Rothschild and others published a study examining evidence for and in dinosaurs and the implications for their behavior. Since stress fractures are caused by repeated trauma rather than singular events they are more likely to be caused by the behavior of the animal than other kinds of injury. Stress fractures and tendon avulsions occurring in the forelimb have special behavioral significance since while injuries to the feet could be caused by running or, resistant prey items are the most probable source of injuries to the hand.

Allosaurus was one of only two theropods examined in the study to exhibit a tendon avulsion, and in both cases the avulsion occurred on the forelimb. When the researchers looked for stress fractures, they found that Allosaurus had a significantly greater number of stress fractures than,. Of the 47 hand bones the researchers studied, 3 were found to contain stress fractures.

Of the feet, 281 bones were studied and 17 found to have stress fractures. The stress fractures in the foot bones 'were distributed to the ' and occurred across all three weight-bearing toes in 'statistically indistinguishable' numbers. Since the lower end of the third metatarsal would have contacted the ground first while an allosaur was running it would have borne the most stress. If the allosaurs' stress fractures were caused by damage accumulating while walking or running this bone should have experience more stress fractures than the others.

The lack of such a bias in the examined Allosaurus fossils indicates an origin for the stress fractures from a source other than running. The authors conclude that these fractures occurred during interaction with prey, like an allosaur trying to hold struggling prey with its feet. The abundance of stress fractures and avulsion injuries in Allosaurus provide evidence for 'very active' predation-based rather than scavenging diets.The left and of an specimen catalogued as USNM 4734 are both pathological, both probably due to healed fractures. The specimen USNM 8367 preserved several pathological gastralia which preserve evidence of healed fractures near their middle. Some of the fractures were poorly healed and 'formed pseudoarthroses'. A specimen with a fractured rib was recovered from the. Another specimen had fractured ribs and fused vertebrae near the end of the tail.

An apparent subadult male was reported to have extensive pathologies, with a total of fourteen separate injuries. The specimen MOR 693 had pathologies on five ribs, the sixth neck vertebra the third eighth and thirteenth back vertebrae, the second tail vertebra and its chevron, the right scapula, manual phalanx I left metatarsals III and V, the first phalanx of the third toe and the third phalanx of the second. The ilium had 'a large hole.

Caused by a blow from above'.The near end of the first phalanx of the third toe was afflicted by an. Skeletal restoration of 'Big Al II' showing bones with pathologiesOther pathologies reported in Allosaurus include: in two ribs. Healed fractures in the. Distortion of surfaces in the foot possibly due to or developmental issues. Along the endosteal surface of a.

Allosaurus Vs T Rex Video

Distortions of the joint surfaces of the tail vertebrae possibly due to or developmental issues. 'Extensive ' of caudals,' possibly due to physical trauma as well as the fusion of chevrons to centra.

Coossification of vertebral centra near the end of the tail. Of a chevron and foot bone, both possibly a result of bites. 'Extensive ' in the first phalanx of the third toe. Lesions similar to those caused by in two. In a, and two.

Exostosis in a pedal phalanx possibly attributable to an infectious disease. A metacarpal with a round depressed fracture. Paleoecology. Locations in the (yellow) where Allosaurus remains have been foundThe Morrison Formation has been a rich fossil hunting ground. The flora of the period has been revealed by fossils of, ferns, and several families of.

Animal fossils discovered include, terrestrial and aquatic, several species of, numerous dinosaur species, and early such as,. Dinosaurs known from the Morrison include the theropods, and, the, and, and the,. Allosaurus is commonly found at the same sites as Apatosaurus, Camarasaurus, Diplodocus, and Stegosaurus. The Late Jurassic formations of Portugal where Allosaurus is present are interpreted as having been similar to the Morrison but with a stronger influence.

Many of the dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation are the same genera as those seen in Portuguese rocks (mainly Allosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Torvosaurus, and Stegosaurus), or have a close counterpart ( Brachiosaurus and, Camptosaurus and ).Allosaurus coexisted with fellow large theropods and in both the United States and Portugal. The three appear to have had different, based on anatomy and the location of fossils. Ceratosaurs and torvosaurs may have preferred to be active around waterways, and had lower, thinner bodies that would have given them an advantage in forest and underbrush terrains, whereas allosaurs were more compact, with longer legs, faster but less maneuverable, and seem to have preferred dry floodplains. Ceratosaurus, better known than Torvosaurus, differed noticeably from Allosaurus in functional anatomy by having a taller, narrower skull with large, broad teeth. Allosaurus was itself a potential food item to other carnivores, as illustrated by an Allosaurus marked by the teeth of another theropod, probably. The location of the bone in the body (along the bottom margin of the torso and partially shielded by the legs), and the fact that it was among the most massive in the skeleton, indicates that the Allosaurus was being scavenged. References.

: T-Rex stompsAgreed: What is your reasoning behind this statement?And here's my reasoning.The T-Rex has a huge jaw and can apply upwards of 3 tonnes of force in one bite which is the joint greatest bite force of any predator to have ever existed (joint with the Dunkleosteus, a sea-based Placoderm from the Devonian period, which can apply similar pressures).The Giganotosaurus has a much weaker and thinner jaw that favours length instead of size and mass. This gives it extra teeth, around 20-30 more than a T-Rex. However, its teeth are thin and serrated, much like a sharks and are designed to shred flesh and as a result break very easily. Many scientists have concluded that, though T.Rex wasn't the largest predatory dinosaur, it's bite was much greater than most other large theropods. Giganotosaurus and Spinosaurus, despite being larger, were far weaker than Tyrannosaurus. As someone already stated, this has to do with the design of the teeth.

T.Rex had teeth that were large and blunt, which allowed it to take advantage of it's extremely high bite force. Giganotosaurus had serrated teeth like your larger sharks which, for their size, have a relatively low bite force, but make up for it by attacking quickly and retreating causing blood loss to their prey and to avoid injury.

Giganotosaurus were pack hunters that preyed on large sauropods, an odds are they used a similar tactic due to the size difference. Looking at the comparison of the skeletons, it also appears the Tyrannosaurus probably had a stronger build, while the Giganotosaurus was more slender and made for running.Despite being longer and a few feet taller, the size difference wouldn't matter. Tyrannosaurus only needed to get one bite to win, and is the right size to go for the throat. Many scientists have concluded that, though T.Rex wasn't the largest predatory dinosaur, it's bite was much greater than most other large theropods. Giganotosaurus and Spinosaurus, despite being larger, were far weaker than Tyrannosaurus. As someone already stated, this has to do with the design of the teeth.

Allosaurus Vs T Rex Youtube

T.Rex had teeth that were large and blunt, which allowed it to take advantage of it's extremely high bite force. Giganotosaurus had serrated teeth like your larger sharks which, for their size, have a relatively low bite force, but make up for it by attacking quickly and retreating causing blood loss to their prey and to avoid injury. Giganotosaurus were pack hunters that preyed on large sauropods, an odds are they used a similar tactic due to the size difference.

Looking at the comparison of the skeletons, it also appears the Tyrannosaurus probably had a stronger build, while the Giganotosaurus was more slender and made for running.Despite being longer and a few feet taller, the size difference wouldn't matter. Tyrannosaurus only needed to get one bite to win, and is the right size to go for the throat.Agreed with all. And Spinosaurus are really quite overrated since Jurassic Park.They actually hunted fish lol thought they did have massive arms and claws to ensure a safe distance from any predatory rivals. : Some scientists strongly believe Spino primarily walked on all fours but could walk.

Either way, I don't think they would be a a real threat to full grown Tyrannosaurus.Yeah me neither. I think its more than likely they did walk on all fours when out of water especially when looking at their newly designed body plan. Apparently they walk on two feet when wading in the rivers for pray as the water is buoyant enough to support their mass.I still think they're the coolest looking dino's though. Although, saying this, I think Allosaurus is my personal fave. Many scientists have concluded that, though T.Rex wasn't the largest predatory dinosaur, it's bite was much greater than most other large theropods. Giganotosaurus and Spinosaurus, despite being larger, were far weaker than Tyrannosaurus. As someone already stated, this has to do with the design of the teeth.

T.Rex had teeth that were large and blunt, which allowed it to take advantage of it's extremely high bite force. Giganotosaurus had serrated teeth like your larger sharks which, for their size, have a relatively low bite force, but make up for it by attacking quickly and retreating causing blood loss to their prey and to avoid injury. Giganotosaurus were pack hunters that preyed on large sauropods, an odds are they used a similar tactic due to the size difference.

Looking at the comparison of the skeletons, it also appears the Tyrannosaurus probably had a stronger build, while the Giganotosaurus was more slender and made for running.Despite being longer and a few feet taller, the size difference wouldn't matter. Tyrannosaurus only needed to get one bite to win, and is the right size to go for the throat.Agreed with all. And Spinosaurus are really quite overrated since Jurassic Park.They actually hunted fish lol thought they did have massive arms and claws to ensure a safe distance from any predatory rivalsThey walked on all fours apparently (or walked similar to a Gorilla)http://arstechnica.com/science/2014/09/predatory-dinosaur-was-larger-than-t-rex-went-for-swims/. Many scientists have concluded that, though T.Rex wasn't the largest predatory dinosaur, it's bite was much greater than most other large theropods. Giganotosaurus and Spinosaurus, despite being larger, were far weaker than Tyrannosaurus. As someone already stated, this has to do with the design of the teeth. T.Rex had teeth that were large and blunt, which allowed it to take advantage of it's extremely high bite force.

Giganotosaurus had serrated teeth like your larger sharks which, for their size, have a relatively low bite force, but make up for it by attacking quickly and retreating causing blood loss to their prey and to avoid injury. Giganotosaurus were pack hunters that preyed on large sauropods, an odds are they used a similar tactic due to the size difference. Looking at the comparison of the skeletons, it also appears the Tyrannosaurus probably had a stronger build, while the Giganotosaurus was more slender and made for running.Despite being longer and a few feet taller, the size difference wouldn't matter. Tyrannosaurus only needed to get one bite to win, and is the right size to go for the throat.Agreed with all.

And Spinosaurus are really quite overrated since Jurassic Park.They actually hunted fish lol thought they did have massive arms and claws to ensure a safe distance from any predatory rivalsThey walked on all fours apparently (or walked similar to a Gorilla)I think is makes them look like a dragon.Thanks for the links, here's the new body plan BTW. Well, JP is just a movie. Its all for entertainment and shouldnt be taken seriously under any circumstances.T-Rex has a bite force around 35 000 to 57 000 Newtons, just about the strongest bite force of any terrestrial animal.The stats speak for themselves.This isn't just the only advantage for T-Rex. T-Rex had excellent binocular vision, and with a great perception of depth, T-Rex would be able to attack much more precisely, and see the vulnerabilities of enemies quickly as well.

T-Rex also had an birdlike brain, so it could plan better and react better. When it comes to physical strength the Rex would murk Giga. The body of a T-Rex was extremely thick, robust and durable, and had an great center of gravity, all thanks to its hip and legs plus tail structure. Last but not least, T-Rex's bite has a chance of infecting the Giga. This is because when the Rex bites into flesh, blood can be stuck inside its serrations. The blood can also age, making the infectious bite even deadlier and causing infection to be inevitable.Size isn't an issue here. A single crunch from the Rex would hurt the Giga like hell, whilst Giga's own bite would just be annoying the Rex.

The septic bite isn't all that effective, but with its binocular vision, it would be able to accurately strike the Giga at its vital positions and Giga has no ways of countering what the Rex has to offer.The conclusion? Rex wrecks the Giga in the most painful way possible. : Its worth noting that with its binocular vision and bite force, it can potentially one-shot the Giga.35,000 - 57,000 Newtons bite + just about any vital position and wham, Giga gets finished off in one-shot, and it has a high chance of happening due to the Rex being able to plan its attacks well and its vision also grants it the ability to spot weak spots quickly.Yeah, I doubt this confrontation would last more than a minute.

Either the Giga has its neck or spine crushed or it limps away with a broken leg and dies of starvation.And people tend to forget just how smart a T-rex actually is compared to most other theropods (excluding Troodons, Dromeosaurs, Velociraptors etc.). The T-Rex has basically way too much advantages over the Giga, and the only way I can see Giga winning this is if there were at least two Gigas, which wouldn't be a 1v1 in the first place.Yeah, this is what I said too, two Giga's could possibly pull a victory due to their speed advantage so they could take turns distracting and stripping flesh until the T-Rex either runs or dies, but even then it's 50/50 because if the T-Rex gets a bite on target and removes one of the Gigas, the other is likely to suffer the same fate as the Giga from the original 1 v 1 OP. T-Rex would likely win the majority due to having a near one hit kill bite. Giganotosaurus, however, would likely instill significant, even fatal, damage on the t-rex before going down.T-rex likely gets a clean victory 3/10. T-rex wins but dies from blood loss and infection later 5/10.

Giganotosaurus wins 2/10.Realistically, if these two animals met, they'd likely try to avoid one another unless they were desperate. Large predators really don't want to fight other large predators if they don't have to.